SS-31

In Clinical Trials

Mitochondrial Peptides · Mitochondrial Protection

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted peptide that concentrates 1000-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is SS-31?

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted peptide that concentrates 1000-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It protects mitochondrial function, reduces oxidative stress, and has shown promise for heart failure, mitochondrial diseases, and age-related mitochondrial decline.

Also known as: Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131

How Does SS-31 Work?

Targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure and optimizing electron transport chain function. Reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at the source. Improves mitochondrial ATP production efficiency.

What is SS-31 Used For?

Mitochondrial protection
Heart failure
Age-related decline
Exercise recovery

Potential Side Effects

Injection site reactions
Headache
Dizziness

Contraindications

Pregnancy
Children (limited data)

FDA Legal Status

United States — FDA

In Clinical Trials

This peptide is currently investigational and not approved for clinical use.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What makes SS-31 unique?

SS-31 is one of the only peptides that specifically targets and accumulates in mitochondria. It concentrates 1000-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane, directly stabilizing the structures needed for efficient energy production and reducing oxidative damage at its source.

Quick Facts

Legal Status (USA): In Clinical Trials
Evidence Rating: BModerate Evidence (Some Human Data)
Class / Subclass: Mitochondrial Peptides / Mitochondrial Protection
Administration: subcutaneous, intravenous
Typical Dosage: 4mg daily (clinical trials)
Half-Life: ~3-4 hours
Year Discovered: 2004

Sources

PubMed 16873680 NCT02814097

Last updated: 2026-04-01

Sources & references

Primary sources used for the dosing, mechanism, side-effect, and regulatory claims on this page. Verify time-sensitive information (regulatory status, prescribing details) on the source before relying on it for medical decisions. See our disclaimer.

PubMed PMID 16873680 — peer-reviewed primary literature on SS-31.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02814097 — registered clinical trial; protocol, dosing, and outcome reporting per FDA / NIH standards.
FDA Federal Register — official notice record for FDA regulatory actions and Category 1 / 503A bulk-substance updates.